3D Numerical Simulation of the Effect of Shaped Charge Liner Thickness on Penetration into a Steel Target
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Abstract
The explosion of a high-explosive charge in a shaped charge warhead rapidly converts the explosive material into gaseous products with extremely high pressure through a chemical reaction. This high pressure can damage the shaped charge warhead's structure, causing natural fragmentation of the casing and collapse of the liner, which leads to the formation of a jet. Generally, experimental testing of shaped charge detonation processes is more expensive and dangerous than computer simulations. This work presents three-dimensional (3D) numerical simulations of shaped charges based on the Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) method. The effect of liner thickness on jet formation and penetration depth into a steel target was investigated. The charge had a diameter of 36 mm (CD), and the stand-off distance was set to 3CD. The copper liners had uniform wall thicknesses of 0.5, 1.0, and 2.3 mm, based on the explosive-to-copper weight ratio, with a cone angle of 45°. The results showed that pressure increased after detonation and reached the liner within 4 microseconds. The maximum jet velocities observed were 10,780, 9,070, and 6,520 m/s for liner thicknesses of 0.5, 1.0, and 2.3 mm, respectively. Increasing the liner's thickness resulted in a decrease in the maximum jet tip velocity and jet length. Additionally, the slug size increased with liner thickness. Regarding the penetration performance of the shaped charge, all liner thicknesses successfully penetrated a 10 mm thick steel target. The effect of increasing the target thickness was also investigated. The liner thicknesses of 0.5, 1.0, and 2.3 mm were able to penetrate steel targets up to 7 mm, 10 mm, and 50 mm, respectively. The results demonstrated that the ability to penetrate the target increased with liner thickness due to the increased momentum balance and kinetic energy. However, as liner thickness increased, the borehole size decreased.
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